{"id":4819,"date":"2014-03-04T20:41:56","date_gmt":"2014-03-04T13:41:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/?p=4819"},"modified":"2014-03-07T08:23:22","modified_gmt":"2014-03-07T01:23:22","slug":"tim-hieu-sau-phai-triet-hoc-an-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/?p=4819","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ccM HI\u1ec2U S\u00c1U PH\u00c1I TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 [tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft YOGA]"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00ccM HI\u1ec2U S\u00c1U PH\u00c1I TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8<\/span><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/center><\/p>\n

\nCH\u01af\u01a0NG III
\nTRI\u1ebeT THUY\u1ebeT YOGA (DU GI\u00c0)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>I. YOGA TRONG UPANISHAD<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yoga g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, n\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i S\u00e0m\u00efkhya, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i h\u1eb3n hoi, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng li\u1ec7t ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Ny\u00e0ya, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ny\u00e0ya c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i, Yoga c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng, hay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0m ng\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c Upanishads, th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Yoga kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Kat\u00efha Upanishad \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Yoga1: Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng (indriya) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 yoga\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1 s\u00edt sao v\u1ec1 yoga, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb l\u00e0 yuj, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t, tr\u00f3i. Ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb yujyate, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i n\u1eefa l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 yujyate.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u0103n n\u00e0y th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, li\u00ean h\u1ec7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, samyoga, v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1ec9 cho s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp, giao thi\u1ec7p, hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t hay hi\u1ec7p t\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p trong S\u00e0m\u00efkhya, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp hay hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa purus\u00efa v\u00e0 prakr\u00efti.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tu thi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Maitr\u00ec Upanishad2 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n b\u00ed: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1i th\u1edf, v\u1edbi ch\u1eef aum v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 yoga. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng (ekatvam) c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i th\u1edf, t\u00e2m \u00fd, v\u00e0, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u0103n (indriyas), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 yoga\u201d.<\/p>\n

Theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, yoga l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1nh c\u1ea3nh\u201d, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thu th\u00fac c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nh\u1edb t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea5y tr\u1ecdn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 sinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m trong l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cho \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i cao. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong t\u1eeb ng\u1eef yoga.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Upanishads, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a yoga l\u00e0 g\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

S\u00d9vetas\u00f9vat\u00e0ra Upanishad3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1eefng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean, g\u1ed3m ng\u1ef1c, vai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng t\u1eafp, r\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan (indriyas) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00fd (manas) v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim (hr\u00efdi); v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng con thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Brahman m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng gieo r\u1eafc s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Con thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Brahman t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef aum. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1i th\u1edf (pr\u00e0n\u00e0y\u00e0ma); th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u01a1i th\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, qua c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u0169i. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 thu th\u00fac t\u00e2m \u00fd, nh\u01b0 bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t con ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o c\u1ed7 xe.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp yoga trong m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3 cao, hay t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i cao r\u00e1o, trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u01a1 th\u1edbi, con m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, kh\u00f3i, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, gi\u00f3, l\u1eeda, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Brahman trong yoga.<\/p>\n

Khi n\u0103m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a yoga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a yoga. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a yoga l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khinh an v\u00e0 s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i, tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t ham mu\u1ed1n, da t\u01b0\u01a1i nhu\u1eadn, \u00e2m thanh \u00eam tai, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb d\u1ecbu ng\u1ecdt.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Maitr\u00ec Upanishad4 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p yoga g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n:\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a h\u01a1i th\u1edf (pr\u00e0n\u00e0y\u00e0ma),\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m quan (praty\u00e0h\u00e0ra),\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– T\u0129nh l\u1ef1 hay t\u01b0 duy (dhy\u00e0na),\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– T\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hay ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec (dh\u00e0ran\u00ef\u00e0),\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– Suy l\u00fd hay qu\u00e1n hu\u1ec7 (tarka),\u00a0<\/strong>
\n– \u0110\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p yoga n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Brahman, t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, x\u1ea5u \u00e1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt v\u00e0 chim ch\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng lai v\u00e3ng n\u01a1i h\u00f2n n\u00fai \u0111ang b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ed9i c\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft Brahman.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Veda tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn Upanishad, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n yoga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft. Ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Veda, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed5 tu th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Tapas hay kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 brahmacarya, t\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1nh hay \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ly d\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi Veda s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi R\u00efg Veda, m\u00e0 m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

II. PATAN\u00d5JALI<\/strong>
\nPatan\u00f5jali l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Yoga r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c Upanishads v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, so\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Yoga-s\u00f9tra. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Patan\u00f5jali kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Yoga-s\u00f9tra, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a P\u00e0n\u00efini.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 hai Patan\u00f5jali. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Yoga-s\u00f9tra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

Yoga-s\u00f9tra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Yoga \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd si\u00eau h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p S\u00e0m\u00efkhya. N\u1ed9i dung Yoga-s\u00f9tra g\u1ed3m 149 s\u00f9tras, chia th\u00e0nh 4 ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m I: Tam mu\u1ed9i (sam\u00e0dhi-p\u00e0da) g\u1ed3m 51 s\u00f9tras, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sam\u00e0dhi;\u00a0<\/strong>
\nPh\u1ea9m II: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p (s\u00e0dhana), 55 s\u00f9tras, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh; Ph\u1ea9m III: Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (vibh\u00f9ti-p\u00e0da), 55 s\u00f9tras, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng;\u00a0<\/strong>
\nPh\u1ea9m IV: \u0110\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n (kaivalya-p\u00e0da), 33 s\u00f9tras, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a purus\u00efa nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong S\u00e0m\u00efkhya.<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00e0tan\u00f5jala-bh\u00e0s\u00efya l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vy\u00e0sa, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Yoga-s\u00f9tra, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Yoga-bh\u00e0s\u00efya, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c, R\u00e0j\u00e0m\u00e0tran\u00efd\u00efa c\u1ee7a Bhojar\u00e0ja \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 sau n\u1eefa, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Vy\u00e0sa, \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a V\u00e0caspati v\u00e0 Vijn\u00f5\u00e0nabhiks\u00efu.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Ngay n\u01a1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Patan\u00f5jali, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya. X\u01b0a h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Upanishads trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga xen l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong Maitr\u00ec Upanishad ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n; hay \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a S\u00d9vetas\u00f9v\u00e0tara Upanishad v\u1ec1 S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh; \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>III. QUAN H\u1ec6 S\u00c0M\u00cfKHYA \u2013 YOGA (Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n Yoga)<\/strong>
\nCu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i Yoga, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Yoga, Patan\u00f5jali trong Yoga-s\u00f9tra I.2 n\u00f3i: \u201cYogas\u00f9 citta-vr\u00eftti-nirodhah\u00ef\u201d, yoga l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Vy\u00e0sa ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i s\u00f9tra n\u00e0y n\u00f3i: \u201ct\u00e2m (citta) c\u00f3 ba gun\u00efa, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7.\u201d Ngay trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga.<\/p>\n

N\u01a1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Vy\u00e0sa, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 mahat trong b\u1ed9 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya, th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh citta trong b\u1ed9 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Yoga. \u0110i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 citta bao g\u1ed3m ba c\u01a1 n\u0103ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya: buddhi, aham\u00efk\u00e0ra v\u00e0 manas. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a prakr\u00efti v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a sattva. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 tri, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i purus\u00efa nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 do ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a purus\u00efa, n\u00ean n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Yoga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf hay di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng (vr\u00eftti) c\u1ee7a citta. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m hai lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng (citta-vr\u00eftti). T\u1eeb s\u00f9tra I.5 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f9tra I.11, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 5 citta-vr\u00efttis: ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed (praman\u00efa), t\u1ee3 tr\u00ed (viparyaya), ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (vikalpa), th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean (nidr\u00e0) v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c (smr\u00efti).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u01a1n ch\u00ednh, t\u1eeb ba ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c: hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ee3 tr\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 con r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hay t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eebng th\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee5y mi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea5y c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a phi h\u1eefu hay v\u00f4 th\u1ec3 (abh\u00e0va) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 v\u1eady, sau m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i ng\u1ee7 say kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec h\u1ebft\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t citta-vr\u00eftti \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

K\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb, ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai, do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a purus\u00efa trong citta hay citta ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu trong purus\u00efa, t\u1ea1o cho citta mang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ti\u1ec3u ng\u00e3 (j\u00ecva), ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kles\u00f9a), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh \u00fd, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 5 (s\u00f9tra II.3-9): v\u00f4 minh (avidy\u00e0), ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn (asmit\u00e0), tham (r\u00e0ga), s\u00e2n (dves\u00efa) v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00e1i (abhinives\u00f9a).<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ecbnh, l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i (dr\u00efks\u00f9akti) v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tri ki\u1ebfn (dars\u00f9anas\u00f9akti).<\/p>\n

Tham l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u00fd.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1eefu \u00e1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Yoga l\u00e0 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn hai lo\u1ea1i citta-vr\u00eftti tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i s\u00f9tra I.12, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i citta-vr\u00eftti th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c, Vy\u00e0sa n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: D\u00f2ng citta tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a citta d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n (kaivalya) hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. N\u1ebfu d\u1eabn v\u00e0o t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u00f4 minh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a S\u00e0m\u00efkhya.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa S\u00e0m\u00efkhya v\u00e0 Yoga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n cho Yoga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong S\u00f9tra I.23-29 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

S\u00f9tra I.23 v\u00e0 24 n\u00f3i: \u201cHo\u1eb7c do ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u00ccs\u00f9vara m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn sam\u00e0dhi. Is\u00f9vara l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t purus\u00efa t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng (Purus\u00efa-vis\u00f9esa), kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00fac nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kles\u00f9a), nghi\u1ec7p (karman), qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c (vip\u00e0ka) hay d\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p (\u00e0s\u00f9aya)\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0caspati Mis\u00f9ra trong Tattva-vais\u00f9\u00e0rad\u00ec, khi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u00f9tras n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c purus\u00efas, m\u00e0 S\u00e0m\u00efkhya quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t purus\u00efa th\u00f9 th\u1eafng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Is\u00f9vara.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai: purus\u00efa h\u1eefu th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 prakr\u00efti v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 Is\u00f9vara kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 cho v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu trong l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a hay s\u00e1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu Is\u00f9vara l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f9laprakr\u00efti, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh hay b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4 tri. Is\u00f9vara c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c purus\u00efa trong l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Vy\u00e0sa, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Is\u00f9vara, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Is\u00f9vara, v\u00ec Is\u00f9vara kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

S\u00e0m\u00efkhya kh\u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i hay th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 hay Is\u00f9vara n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i s\u01a1, purus\u00efa v\u00e0 prakr\u00efti. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n tr\u00ed, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n tr\u00ed hay nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 purus\u00efa. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 prakr\u00efti.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t purus\u00efa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a prakr\u00efti. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Yoga-s\u00f9tra I.25 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Is\u00f9vara nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u00f9tra I.25-29 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m trong Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi gian. M\u1eadt ng\u1eef bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb Ng\u00e0i. C\u00e0ng t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u Ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t purus\u00efa thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh, c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Is\u00f9vara, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 (yogin) l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1eadt ng\u00f4n aum cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf S\u00f9tra IV.34 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i vi t\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, sau khi v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a purus\u00efa; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m linh an tr\u1ee5 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>IV. B\u00c1T PH\u1ea6N DU GI\u00c0<\/strong>
\nNh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, Yoga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (citta-vr\u00eftti), cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh, hay gun\u00efa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean s\u01a1, v\u00e0 purus\u00efa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y xu\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. \u1ede trong chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1edd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed m\u00e0 ta di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1eebng \u00fd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5. S\u00f9tra II.28 n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u00e1m ph\u1ea7n Du Gi\u00e0 (as\u00eft\u00ef\u00e0g\u00efa-yoga), th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 soi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u00e1m ph\u1ea7n Yoga, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 chi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Maitr\u00ec-Upanishad. Patan\u00f5jali b\u1ecf qu\u00e1n hu\u1ec7 (tarka), th\u00eam v\u00e0o 3 chi: c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf (yama), khuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf (niyama), t\u1ecda ph\u00e1p (\u00e0sana) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1m ph\u1ea7n Du Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1eeb S\u00f9tra 30 \u0111\u1ebfn 55, h\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb S\u00f9tra 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. C\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf (yama),<\/strong> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m, c\u00f3 5: kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh (ahims\u00e0), kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i (asatya), kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp (asteya), kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 d\u00e2m (arahmacarya) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tham (aparigraha). Nh\u1eefng r\u0103n c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian hay ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

2. Khuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf (niyama),<\/strong> ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o: thanh t\u1ecbnh (s\u00f9auca), tri t\u00fac (samtos\u00efa), kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh (tapas), h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp (sv\u00e0dhy\u00e0ya) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf (Is\u00f9vara pran\u00efidh\u00e0na).<\/p>\n

3. T\u1ecda ph\u00e1p (\u00e0sana),<\/strong> ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. T\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, khi\u1ebfn cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ho\u1eb7c khi t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1edd t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

4. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c (pr\u00e0n\u00ef\u00e0y\u00e0ma),<\/strong> ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a h\u01a1i th\u1edf sau khi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i v\u1eefng. Th\u1edf c\u00f3 ba vi\u1ec7c: th\u1edf ra, th\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng th\u1edf, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u00f9y theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ed1. V\u1ec1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, ch\u00fa \u00fd quan s\u00e1t h\u01a1i th\u1edf khi v\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o trong ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5ng, khi ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, h\u01a1i th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n theo s\u1ef1 d\u00e0i, ng\u1eafn, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfm h\u01a1i th\u1edf, theo m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u01a1i th\u1edf d\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t; t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n (dh\u00e0ran\u00efa).<\/p>\n

5. Ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3nh (praty\u00e0h\u00e0ra),<\/strong> ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m quan v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 ch\u00fang theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a citta v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i.
\nN\u0103m ph\u1ea7n Du Gi\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp (bahir-an\u00efga s\u00e0dhana), c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ee9c Du Gi\u00e0 (sagun\u00efa-Yoga), t\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Du Gi\u00e0 (kriy\u00e0-Yoga), n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c Du Gi\u00e0 (hat\u00efha-Yoga). Ba chi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp (antaran\u00efga-S\u00f9dhana).<\/p>\n

6. Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec (dh\u00e0ran\u00ef\u00e0),<\/strong> sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m quan, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n theo ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3p m\u0169i, giao \u0111i\u1ec3m hai ch\u00e2n m\u00e0y, hoa sen c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim, \u0111an \u0111i\u1ec1n, hay h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh. T\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i an tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng lung lay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n.<\/p>\n

7. \u0110\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi: tam ma \u0111\u1ecba, tam mu\u1ed9i),<\/strong> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Yoga. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0129nh l\u1ef1 (dhy\u00e0na), v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (artham\u00e0tra-nibh\u00e0sa).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 7 chi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi). V\u00e0caspati, khi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i S\u00f9tra III.1, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: Sam\u00e0dhi v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u01a1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I (sam\u00e0dhi) v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II (s\u00e0dhan\u00e0). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III (Vibh\u00f9ti) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ti\u1ebfp theo trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m kh\u01a1i d\u1eady t\u00edn t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1edfi sam\u00efyama (t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf). Sam\u00efyama g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec (dh\u00e0ran\u00ef\u00e0), t\u0129nh l\u1ef1 (dhy\u00e0na) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi), ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n 5 ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n tu t\u1eadp. Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec, t\u0129nh l\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Sam\u00e0dhi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: h\u1eefu t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i (sam\u00efprajn\u00f5\u00e0ta-sam\u00e0dhi) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i (asam\u00efprajn\u00f5\u00e0ta-sam\u00e0dhi). H\u1eefu t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i do t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m duy\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 tu t\u1eadp. Vy\u00e0sa n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tam mu\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u201cc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 duy\u00ean\u201d (\u00e0lambana: s\u1edf duy\u00ean). V\u00f4 t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2:<\/p>\n

a. H\u1eefu t\u1ea7m tam mu\u1ed9i (savitarka-sam\u00e0dhi), duy\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4 ph\u00f9 nh\u01b0 5 \u0111\u1ea1i (bh\u00f9tas), 5 t\u00e1c c\u0103n (karmendriyas).<\/p>\n

b. H\u1eefu t\u1ee9 tam mu\u1ed9i (savic\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi), duy\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 5 duy (tanm\u00e0tras), 5 tr\u00ec c\u0103n (jn\u00f5\u00e0nendriyas).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m (vitarka) v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 (vic\u00e0ra) l\u00e0 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. T\u1ea7m l\u00e0 s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i, t\u00ecm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u01b0 con b\u01b0\u1edbm t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3a hoa, v\u00e0 t\u1ee9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 con b\u01b0\u1edbm sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3a hoa th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng. Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Vy\u00e0sa, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hai n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

c. H\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c tam mu\u1ed9i (\u00e0nanda-sam\u00e0dhi), t\u00e2m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vi t\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ba gun\u00efa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t hay sattva, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u01b0u ch\u1ea5t hay rajas v\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ea5t hay tamas. V\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho n\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

d. T\u1ed3n ng\u00e3 tam mu\u1ed9i (s\u00e0smit\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi), b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u01b0u ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay h\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hoan l\u1ea1c kia c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: t\u00f4i l\u00e0 hay t\u00f4i \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (asmi).<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i (asam\u00ef prajn\u00f5\u00e0ta-sam\u00e0dhi) v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i si\u00eau th\u1ee9c. Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu t\u00e2m, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7i l\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u1ee7i; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p (sam\u00efskara) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u00e2n t\u1eadp trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Khi c\u1ee7i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, l\u1eeda c\u0169ng t\u1eaft; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i. H\u1eefu t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7ng (sab\u00ecja) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7ng tam mu\u1ed9i (nirb\u00ecja-sam\u00e0dhi). N\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7ng, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a sam\u00e0patti \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng (b\u00ecja) trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Sam\u00e0patti hay \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 khi t\u00e2m trong su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 pha l\u00ea, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed: 1 v\u00e0 2. h\u1eefu t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 \u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i. 3. V\u00f4 t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed (nirvatarka) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t (artham\u00e0tra-nibh\u00e0sa: ph\u00e1t quang duy c\u1ea3nh), t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, Vy\u00e0sa th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9c ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n chi ph\u1ed1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, khi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh n\u01a1i t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u1edf trong t\u00e2m, hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi). 4. Sau h\u1ebft, v\u00f4 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u00ed (nirvic\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0patti), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh; b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh (prakr\u00efti), do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, Yoga-s\u00f9tra c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u 14 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp (S\u00f9tra I.30-31): b\u1ec7nh (vy\u00e0dhi), tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9n (sty\u00e0na), nghi ho\u1eb7c (sam\u00f9s\u00f9aya), bu\u00f4ng lung (pram\u00e0da), bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c (\u00e0lasya), say \u0111\u1eafm (avirati), th\u1ea5y sai (bhr\u00e0nti-dars\u00f9ana), kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch (alabdhabh\u00f9mikatva), kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c l\u1eadp (anavasthitatva), th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 (duh\u00efkha), lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng (daurmanasya), lo s\u1ee3 (an\u00efgamejavatva), th\u1edf ra v\u00e0 h\u00edt v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang c\u00e1ch (pras\u00f9v\u00e0s\u00f9a-s\u00f9v\u00e0sa).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, S\u00f9tra I.20 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp: t\u00edn (s\u00f9radh\u00e0), t\u1ea5n (v\u00ecrya), ni\u1ec7m (smr\u00efti), \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi) v\u00e0 hu\u1ec7 (prajn\u00f5\u00e0). Vy\u00e0sa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: t\u00edn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi, t\u1ea5n. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tinh ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xao l\u00e3ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Nh\u1edd chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0 duy quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Patan\u00f5jali h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 5 c\u0103n v\u00e0 5 l\u1ef1c trong 37 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o (bhodyan\u00efga).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>V. TH\u00c0NH T\u1ef0U V\u00c0 GI\u1ea2I THO\u00c1T<\/strong>
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng III c\u1ee7a Yoga-s\u00f9tra, g\u1ed3m 54 s\u00f9tras, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a tu t\u1eadp hay th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng: vibh\u00f9ti. \u1ede S\u00f9tra I.1, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a V\u00e0caspati n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vibh\u00f9tis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf, hay sam\u00efyama.S\u00f9tra II.9-15 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a sam\u00efyama qua th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n Du Gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Sam\u00efyama, nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 chung cho ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i, v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Yoga n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eefa. Vy\u00e0sa, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i S\u00f9tra III.6, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: khi m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba (citta-bh\u00f9mi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi sam\u00efyama, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo sau. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y ngay l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y, sam\u00efyama hay nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong l\u00fac tu t\u1eadp t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba cao h\u01a1n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 5 c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c, hay tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, hay t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba (citta-bh\u00f9mi): ks\u00efipta, t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n; m\u00f9dha, hay qu\u00ean; viks\u00efipta, v\u1eeba t\u00e1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn; ek\u00e0gra, nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m; v\u00e0 nirudha, t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9. C\u00e1c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn hai t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf, khi chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba, th\u00ec m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c, cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khai tri\u1ec3n (parin\u00ef\u00e0ma) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u01a1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu t\u1eadp ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec (dh\u00e0ran\u00ef\u00e0), t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m b\u00e2y gi\u1edd di\u1ec5n ra theo hai chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng: chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9ng, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i (vyuth\u00e0na) b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf (sam\u00efyama) v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 (niroddha) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9 (niroddha-parin\u00ef\u00e0ma).<\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ec (sam\u00e0dhi-parin\u00ef\u00e0ma). Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0129nh ch\u1ec9, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u dh\u00e0ran\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean dhy\u00e0na. Trong dhy\u00e0na, t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1n (sarv\u00e0that\u00e0) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh (ek\u00e0grat\u00e0). B\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf, khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c sarv\u00e0that\u00e0 v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n ek\u00e0grat\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh (ek\u00e0grat\u00e0-parin\u00ef\u00e0ma). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ecbch t\u0129nh (s\u00f9\u00e0nta) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (udita).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u01b0\u1edbc sang m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t (dharma), \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng (laks\u00efan\u00efa) v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (avasth\u00e0) c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 (bh\u00f9ta) v\u00e0 quan n\u0103ng (indriya).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u00e0ng vi t\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb; cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd. C\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng t\u00f9y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, S\u00f9tra III.16 n\u00f3i: b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean ba khai tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai. Ho\u1eb7c S\u00f9tra III.17: ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhau; b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng tr\u00ed hay th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh. Ho\u1eb7c S\u00f9tra III.25: b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u1eafng tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v.v\u2026 C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng tr\u00ed hay th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf \u1ea5y, khi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n (kaivalya) hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, Yoga-s\u00f9tra c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho sam\u00e0dhi, m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kaivalya.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, g\u1ed3m 34 s\u00f9tras, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kaivalya hay \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n, hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, S\u00f9tra 19, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00f4 t\u00e2m tam mu\u1ed9i (asamprajn\u00f5\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u00e2n (videha) m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, x\u00fac t\u00e1nh (prakr\u00eftilaya) khi t\u00e2m (citta) thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y prakr\u00efti.<\/p>\n

S\u00f9tra 27, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ed tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (k\u00e0ya-vimukti) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (citta-vimukti). Trong di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ed l\u01b0\u1edbt qua b\u1ed1n b\u1eadc: (1) bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft th\u00eam n\u1eefa; (2) bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n nguy\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3i b\u1ecb b\u1ee9ng tr\u1ed1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5; (3) s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean; (4) th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c do ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n tr\u00ed (prajn\u00f5\u00e0) tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u do ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Yoga. Ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 Yoga ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a sau Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ba tr\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn trong t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0: 5. tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a buddhi, ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 (bhoga) ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (apavarga); 6. ba gun\u00efa c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y prakr\u00efti c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t; 7. b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, purus\u00efa \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00ec buddhi b\u1ecb thu nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ba gun\u00efa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gun\u00efa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi prakr\u00efti.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed (prajn\u00f5\u00e0) th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, purus\u00efa \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sam\u00e0dhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y gi\u1eefa h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec purus\u00efa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ham mu\u1ed1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn, v.v\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sam\u00e0dhi m\u00e0 S\u00f9tra IV.29 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e2n tam mu\u1ed9i (dharma-megha-sam\u00e0dhi). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: h\u1eefu th\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (j\u00ecvan-mukta).<\/p>\n

H\u00d2A TH\u01af\u1ee2NG TH\u00cdCH M\u00c3N GI\u00c1C<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00ccM HI\u1ec2U S\u00c1U PH\u00c1I TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 CH\u01af\u01a0NG III TRI\u1ebeT THUY\u1ebeT YOGA (DU GI\u00c0) I. YOGA TRONG UPANISHAD Yoga g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, n\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i S\u00e0m\u00efkhya, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i h\u1eb3n hoi, x\u1ee9ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[42],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4819"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4819"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4819\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4821,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4819\/revisions\/4821"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4819"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4819"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.yogavocuc.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4819"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}